Ka Sehloohong >> Lithethefatsi Vs. Motsoalle >> Methylprednisolone vs. prednisone: Liphapang, ho tšoana, 'me ho molemo ke hofe

Methylprednisolone vs. prednisone: Liphapang, ho tšoana, 'me ho molemo ke hofe

Methylprednisolone vs. prednisone: Liphapang, ho tšoana, Lithethefatsi Vs. Motsoalle

Kakaretso ea lithethefatsi le liphapang tse kholo | Maemo a phekotsoe | Tshebetso | Ho koahela inshorense le papiso ea litšenyehelo | Litla-morao | Likamano tsa lithethefatsi | Litemoso | LBH





Methylprednisolone le prednisone ke maiketsetso a li-glucocorticoids tse sebelisoang mathateng a fapaneng. Lithethefatsi tsena li ts'oana haholo le lihormone tse hlahisoang ke tšoelesa ea 'mele oa hau ea adrenal. Ha e fuoa litekanyo tse phahameng ho feta kamoo 'mele oa hau o neng o ka itlhahisa o le mong, li sebetsa litseleng tse fapaneng ho thibela matšoao a mang a' mele a ho itšireletsa mafung le a ho ruruha joalo ka leukotrienes, prostaglandins, kinins le histamines. Mochini ona oa tšebetso o lumella meriana ena ho sebetsa hantle ho phekoleng mafu a phefumolohang, mafu a itšireletsang mafung, le mathata a ho ruruha, ha re bolela tse 'maloa. Le ha meriana ka bobeli e ka sebelisoa mathateng a tšoanang, ho na le phapang lipakeng tsa tse peli.



Phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa methylprednisolone le prednisone ke efe?

Methylprednisolone ke moriana oa ngaka o sebelisoang mathateng a fapaneng a kenyeletsang asthma, ulcerative colitis, ramatiki ea ramatiki le khatello ea mmele. Methylprednisolone ke sehlahisoa sa prednisolone, mme ts'ebetso ea eona ea ts'ebetso e etsa hore e be molemo mefuteng e fapaneng haholo ea mafu a ho ruruha le boits'ireletso. Methylprednisolone e tšela lera la lisele mme e tlama ho li-receptor tse thibelang protheine le tlhahiso ea li-cytokines. Li-cytokine li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ts'ebetsong ea ho ruruha. Ka mokhoa ona ona, e boetse e emisa ho kenella ha li-leukotrienes le likarolo tse ling tsa boits'ireletso ba mmele. Sena se etsa hore setlhare se sebetse e le sesebelisoa se khahlanong le ho ruruha le boits'ireletso ba mmele.

Methylprednisolone e fumaneha ka 4 mg, 8 mg, 16 mg, le 32 mg matlapa a molomo. E boetse e fumaneha ka tharollo e ka fanoang e le liente tse entang kapa tse entang mesifa. Lebitso la matlapa a methylprednisolone ke Medrol. Methylprednisolone e ka sebelisoa ho masea, bana le batho ba baholo.

Prednisone ke moriana oa ngaka o sebelisoang hape maemong a fapaneng a ho ruruha le boits'ireletso ba mmele. Prednisone ke sehlahisoa sa cortisone mme se tlameha ho sebelisoa ke sebete hore e be sebopeho sa eona se sebetsang, prednisolone, e le hore se tšele lisele tsa lisele. Hang ha e tšela lera, mochini oa eona o ts'oana le oa methylprednisolone ka hore e thibela ho kenella ha matšoao a ho ruruha le boits'ireletso ba mmele.



Prednisone le eona e ka bitsoa lebitso la eona la Deltasone. E fumaneha ka 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg, le 50 mg matlapa a molomo. E boetse e fumaneha ka tharollo ea molomo.

Liphapang tse kholo lipakeng tsa methylprednisolone le prednisone
Methylprednisolone Prednisone
Sehlopha sa lithethefatsi Corticosteroid Corticosteroid
Boemo ba cha / cha Brand le generic lia fumaneha Brand le generic lia fumaneha
Lebitso la lebitso ke mang? Medrol, SoluMedrol Deltasone
Sethethefatsi se kena ka mefuta e fe? Letlapa la molomo, Tharollo ea ente Letlapa la molomo, tharollo ea molomo
Tekanyo e tloaelehileng ke efe? Tekanyo ea pele ea 4 mg ho ea 48 mg ka titration e ipapisitseng le karabelo le tlhahlobo Tekanyo ea pele ea 5 mg ho 60 mg ka titration e ipapisitseng le karabelo le tlhahlobo
Kalafo e tloaelehileng e nka nako e kae? Matsatsi a tšeletseng ho fihlela libeke tse 'maloa kapa ho feta ho latela tlhahlobo. Matsatsi a mahlano ho fihlela libeke tse 'maloa kapa ho feta ho latela hore na o fumane eng.
Ke mang ea sebelisang meriana eo? Masea, bana le batho ba baholo Masea, bana le batho ba baholo

U batla theko e ntle ka ho fetisisa ho prednisone?

Ingolise bakeng sa litlhokomeliso tsa theko ea prednisone 'me u fumane hore na theko e fetoha neng!

Fumana litemoso tsa theko



Maemo a tšoaroang ke methylprednisolone vs. prednisone

Methylprednisolone e sebelisoa ho phekola maloetse le mathata a fapaneng. Phello ea ona ts'ebetsong ea ho ruruha e etsa hore e be le thuso ho mathata a rheumatic joalo ka ramatiki le psoriatic ramatiki, spondylitis le bursitis. E boetse e sebelisetsoa ho phekola malakabe a hlobaetsang a asthma ea bronchi. Matla a methylprednisolone a itšireletsa mafung a etsa hore e be kalafo e sebetsang maemong a kulang a kang a hlobaetsang rhinitis, dermatitis ea ho ikopanya le ts'oaetso ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi. E boetse e sebelisoa ho mafu a endocrine, collagen, hematologic, gastrointestinal le ophthalmic.

Prednisone e boetse e sebelisetsoa ho sebetsana le mathata a fapaneng a ts'oaetso le boits'ireletso a mmele a tšoanang le methylprednisolone. Tsena li kenyelletsa ramatiki, phefumoloho, alejiki, endocrine, collagen, hematologic, mala le mathata a ophthalmic.

Tafole e latelang, leha e le kholo, e kanna ea se ke ea thathamisa ts'ebeliso e ngoe le e ngoe ea meriana ena e 'meli. Ka kopo ikopanye le mofani oa tlhokomelo ea bophelo bakeng sa tlhaiso-leseling e batsi ka matšoao a ts'ebeliso.



Boemo Methylprednisolone Prednisone
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia Ho joalo Ho joalo
Thyroiditis e sa sebetseng Ho joalo Ho joalo
Ramatiki ea ramatiki Ho joalo Ho joalo
Ankylosing spondylitis Ho joalo Ho joalo
Bursitis e bohloko Ho joalo Ho joalo
Synovitis ea lefu la osteoarthritis Ho joalo Ho joalo
Phekolo ea ramatiki Ho joalo Ho joalo
Sesebelisoa sa lupus erythematosus Ho joalo Ho joalo
Sefuba sa seborrheic se matla Ho joalo Ho joalo
Psoriasis e matla Ho joalo Ho joalo
Optic neuritis Ho joalo Ho joalo
Allergic conjunctivitis Ho joalo Ho joalo
Matšoao a sarcoidosis Ho joalo Ho joalo
Moferefere pneumonitis Ho joalo Ho joalo
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura Ho joalo Ho joalo
Ho ruruha ha lefu la ulcerative Ho joalo Ho joalo
Ho mpefala ho hoholo ha Multiple Sclerosis Ho joalo Ho joalo

Na methylprednisolone kapa prednisone e sebetsa hantle?

Ho na le mekhoa e mengata ea ho bapisa methylprednisolone le prednisone ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso ea tsona e fapaneng. Lits'ebetsong tse ngata tsa ho ruruha, kalafo e nang le corticosteroids e lekanyelitsoe ts'ebelisong ea nakoana ho mpefatsong e matla le e matla ea lefu lena. Ha ho bapisoa methylprednisolone le prednisone ka kotloloho, 4 mg ea methylprednisolone e lekana le 5 mg ea prednisone. Leha ho le joalo, ha litekanyetso li fetoloa le ho beoa leihlo ho arabela, e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e ka sebetsa kalafo.

Phuputso e 'ngoe e ile ea leka ho bapisa file ea litlamorao tsa methylprednisolone e kenang methapong ho prednisone ea molomo ka ho mpefala ho matla ha asma ho bana. Lihlopha tse peli tsa kalafo li ne li hlophiselitsoe ho fumana 30 mg ea methylprednisolone kapa 30 mg ea prednisone ea molomo. Lihlopha tsena ka bobeli li ile tsa amohela albuterol, 'me bafuputsi ba lekola phomolo ea matšoao, phallo ea tlhaselo ea phefumoloho (PEF), le lipalo tsa oximetry ea pulse. Ho baloa bakeng sa sehlopha ka seng lihora tse peli, tse 'ne le tse tšeletseng kamora ho qala kalafo. Ho ne ho se na phapang e kholo ea bongaka kapa lipalo palong ka 'ngoe lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsena tse peli. Bafuputsi ba fihletse qeto ea hore prednisone ea molomo e tla ba khetho e phahameng ka ho fetesisa ka lebaka la litjeo tse tlase le tsamaiso e seng bohloko.



U batla theko e ntle ka ho fetisisa methylprednisolone?

Ingolise bakeng sa tlhokomeliso ea theko ea methylprednisolone 'me u fumane hore na theko e fetoha neng!

Fumana litemoso tsa theko



Ho bapisa le ho bapisa litšenyehelo tsa methylprednisolone vs prednisone

Methylprednisolone ke moriana oa ngaka o atisang ho koaheloa ke merero ea inshorense ea khoebo hammoho le Medicare. Koetliso ea matsatsi a tšeletseng ea matlapa a 21 a matla a 4 mg e ka bitsa chelete e ka bang $ 100 bakeng sa lebitso la lebitso. Ka setlankane se tsoang ho SingleCare, o ka fumana methylprednisolone ka chelete e ka tlase ho $ 15.

Prednisone hape ke moriana oa ngaka o atisang ho koaheloa ke merero ea inshorense ea khoebo le Medicare. Theko e tloaelehileng ea thekiso ea prednisone e ka ba $ 22 bakeng sa matlapa a leshome a 20 mg. U ka khona ho fumana lengolo lena la ngaka ka tlase ho $ 4 ka setlankane sa SingleCare.



Ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore bakeng sa mafu a itseng, li-corticosteroids li kanna tsa se koaheloe tlasa melemo ea lithethefatsi, empa li ka koaheloa tlasa Medicare Part B. Rakhoebo oa hau oa meriana a ka fana ka tlhaiso-leseling e batsi ka ho koahela.

Methylprednisolone Prednisone
E koahetsoe ka inshorense? Ho joalo Ho joalo
E koahetsoeng ke Medicare? Ho joalo Ho joalo
Tekanyo e tloaelehileng 21, 4 mg, matlapa Lipilisi tse 10, 20 mg
E tloaelehileng ea Medicare copay Ka tloaelo<$10 but may vary depending on the plan Ka tloaelo<$10 but may vary depending on the plan
Litsenyehelo tsa SingleCare $ 15 + $ 4- $ 6

Litla-morao tse tloaelehileng tsa methylprednisolone le prednisone

Prednisone e sebelisoa ho sebetsa le sebete sa eona ka lebaka la prednisolone. Prednisolone le methylprednisolone li tšoana haholo ka lik'hemik'hale, ka hona litla-morao tsa tsona tse ka bang teng li shebana haholo.

Li-glucocorticoids li tsejoa li baka ho se leka-lekane ha mokelikeli le elektrolyte tse ka lebisang ho bolokeng sodium le mokelikeli, khatello e phahameng ea mali, 'me maemong a mang ho sithabela ha pelo. Methylprednisolone le prednisone le tsona li ka lebisa bofokoling ba mesifa le ho felloa ke mesifa. Li-glucocorticoids li tsejoa e le tse tšoenyang masapo 'me li ka lebisa ho nyekeloa ke pelo, ho hlatsa kapa ho senya mpa. Li-steroid li ka liehisa pholiso ea maqeba. Ts'ebeliso ea nako e telele ea methylprednisolone le prednisone e ka liehisa kholo ea bana, mme ka lebaka lena ts'ebeliso ea bona e lokela ho lekanyetsoa ho nako e khuts'oane kamoo ho ka khonehang ho fihlela ts'oarelo ea matšoao.

Li-glucocorticoids li ka senya karabelo ea 'mele ho insulin. Bakuli ba kalafo ea nako e telele ea steroid ba ka ba le menyetla ea ho ba le lefu la tsoekere makhetlo a mane. Bakuli ba itšetlehileng ka insulin e entsoang kapa lithethefatsi tse ling tse thibelang lefu la tsoekere ba ka tlameha ho eketsa lethal dose ha ba le li-steroids. Ho tloaelehile hore batho ba laoloang ke lefu la tsoekere ba bone ho phahama ha tsoekere maling a bona esita le tekanyong ea nakoana ea li-steroid.

Tafole e latelang ha ea rereloa ho ba lenane le felletseng la litla-morao. Ka kopo ikopanye le rakhemisi kapa ngaka ea hau bakeng sa lenane le felletseng la litla-morao tsohle.

Methylprednisolone Prednisone
Ho boloka sodium E sebetsa? Maqhubu E sebetsa? Maqhubu
Ho boloka metsi Ho joalo Ha e hlalosoa Ho joalo Ha e hlalosoa
Hypertension Ho joalo Ha e hlalosoa Ho joalo Ha e hlalosoa
Ho hloleha ha pelo ha pelo Ho joalo Ha e hlalosoa Ho joalo Ha e hlalosoa
Boima ba 'mele Ho joalo Ha e hlalosoa Ho joalo Ha e hlalosoa
Bofokoli ba mesifa Ho joalo Ha e hlalosoa Ho joalo Ha e hlalosoa
Lefu la ho fokola ha masapo Ho joalo Ha e hlalosoa Ho joalo Ha e hlalosoa
Ho robeha ha masapo a malelele Ho joalo Ha e hlalosoa Ho joalo Ha e hlalosoa
Liso tsa ka maleng Ho joalo Ha e hlalosoa Ho joalo Ha e hlalosoa
Pancreatitis Ho joalo Ha e hlalosoa Ho joalo Ha e hlalosoa
Ho senyeha ha mpa Ho joalo Ha e hlalosoa Ho joalo Ha e hlalosoa
Pholiso ea maqeba a senyehileng Ho joalo Ha e hlalosoa Ho joalo Ha e hlalosoa
Erythema ea sefahleho Ho joalo Ha e hlalosoa Ho joalo Ha e hlalosoa
Ho fufuleloa ho eketsehileng Ho joalo Ha e hlalosoa Ho joalo Ha e hlalosoa
Ho opeloa ke hlooho Ho joalo Ha e hlalosoa Ho joalo Ha e hlalosoa
Vertigo Ho joalo Ha e hlalosoa Ho joalo Ha e hlalosoa
Maemo a fetoha Ho joalo Ha e hlalosoa Ho joalo Ha e hlalosoa
Khatello ea kholo Ho joalo Ha e hlalosoa Ho joalo Ha e hlalosoa
Ho hanyetsa insulin Ho joalo Ha e hlalosoa Ho joalo Ha e hlalosoa
Glaucoma Ho joalo Ha e hlalosoa Ho joalo Ha e hlalosoa

Mohloli: Methylprednisolone (Letsatsi le letsatsi) Prednisone (Letsatsi le letsatsi)

Likamano tsa lithethefatsi tsa methylprednisolone le prednisone

Methylprednisolone le prednisone ke karolo ka 'ngoe ea enzyme ea cytochrome P450 3A4. Sistimi ea enzyme ea P450 sebeteng e ikarabella bakeng sa metabolism ea lithethefatsi tse ngata, ka hona ho na le monyetla oa ho sebelisana le lithethefatsi tse ngata.

Corticosteroids e sebelisoa hangata ho bakuli bao le bona ba nang le liakhente tse ling tsa immunosuppressant. Ho laola tsela eo 'mele o arabelang ka eona ha motho a kenya setho sa' mele le mathata a itseng a ho itšireletsa mafung ho ka 'na ha hloka hore ho sebelisoe moemeli ea fetang o le mong oa boits'ireletso. Moemeli e mong a ka ama metabolism ea e mong, empa a ntse a ka sebelisoa hammoho haeba a beiloe leihlo ka nepo. Mohlala, tacrolimus le cyclosporine ke inhibitors e ngoe le e ngoe ea CYP 3A4. Sena se ka lebisa ho eketseha ha li-serum tsa methylprednisolone kapa prednisone ha li sebelisoa hammoho. Ho bile le maemo a ho tsitsipana a tlalehiloeng ka ts'ebeliso e tšoanang ea cyclosporine le methylprednisolone, leha sena se sa tloaelehang.

Loure diuretics e thusa ho laola maemo a mokelikeli 'meleng ka ho sefa potasiamo. Ha e fanoa ka methylprednisolone kapa prednisone, leha ho le joalo, ho na le monyetla oa hore 'mele o lahleheloe ke potasiamo e ngata. Sena se ka ba le litlamorao tse mpe ts'ebetsong ea pelo. Bakuli ba lokelang ho li nka hammoho ba lokela ho hlahlojoa ka hloko boemo ba bona ba electrolyte.

Tafole e latelang ha se lethathamo la litlamorao tse ka bang teng. Ka kopo ikopanye le mofani oa tlhokomelo ea bophelo bakeng sa lenane le felletseng.

Lithethefatsi Sehlopha sa Lithethefatsi Methylprednisolone Prednisone
Baricitinib
Dabrafenib
Erdafitinib
Ivosidenib
Larotrectinib
Tofacitinib
Upadacitinib
Signal transduction inhibitors (mafu a likobo): Immunosuppressants Ho joalo Ho joalo
Denosumab
Natalizumab
Nivolumab
Ocrelizumab
Sarilumab
Siltuximab
Li-Immunoglobulins: Li-Immunosuppressants Ho joalo Ho joalo
Tacrolimus Calcineurin inhibitor: Immunosuppressant Ho joalo Ho joalo
Cyclosporine Peptide ea cyclic: Immunosuppressant Ho joalo Ho joalo
Mohlophisi
Fosaprepitant
Mohanyetsi oa NK1 ea amohelang: Anti-nausea Ho joalo Ho joalo
Ketoconazole
Itraconazole
Li-antifungal tsa Azole Ho joalo Ho joalo
Tsebang Sesebelisoa sa Vasopressin Ho joalo Ho joalo
Diltiazem Setsi sa calcium calcium blocker Ho joalo Ho joalo
Isoniazid
Rifampin
Likokoana-hloko Ho joalo Ho joalo
Phenytoin Li-anticonvulsant Ho joalo Ho joalo
Bumetanide
Furosemide
Torsemide
Loop Diuretics Ho joalo Ho joalo
Aspirine
Ibuprofen
Naproxen
Diclofenac
Meloxicam
Selemoxib
Li-NSAID Ho joalo Ho joalo
Chlorthalidone
Hydrochlorothiazide
Li-diuretics tsa Thiazide Ho joalo Ho joalo

Litemoso tsa methylprednisolone le prednisone

Corticosteroids e ka pata matšoao a tšoaetso mme e ka liehisa ho sibolloa ha tšoaetso e ncha. Ts'ebeliso ea nako e telele ea methylprednisolone le prednisone e ka lebisa ho lera la mahlo le glaucoma.

Ha ho so be le lithuto tse laoloang hantle tsa li-corticosteroids ho basali ba bakhachane, ka hona ts'ebeliso ea bona ea bokhachane e lokela ho etsahala ha feela ho hlakile hore molemo o feta likotsi life kapa life. Masea a hlahileng ho bo-mme ba sebelisang corticosteroids nakong ea bokhachane a lokela ho bonoa bakeng sa hypoadrenalism.

Corticosteroids, haholo-holo ka tekanyetso e phahameng, e tla thibela bokhoni ba 'mele ba ho hlahisa lithibela-mafu ha liente li fanoa. Liente li kanna tsa se sebetse ho bakuli ba fumanang li-steroids. Meento e phelang, joalo ka sekholopane, ha ea lokela ho fuoa bakuli ba fumanang kalafo ea corticosteroid. Bakuli ba sebelisang li-immunosuppressive agents ba kotsing e kholo ea tšoaetso ea liente tse phelang.

Methylprednisolone le prednisone li ka fetola sephetho sa liteko tsa letlalo kapa liteko tse ling tsa ts'oaetso. Bakeng sa liphetho tse nepahetseng ka ho fetesisa, kalafo ea steroid e lokela ho emisoa matsatsi pele ho etsoa liteko tsena.

Li-steroid li lokela ho fanoa ka nako e khuts'oane kamoo ho ka khonehang ho fihlela litlamorao tse lakatsehang. Haeba tšebeliso ea li-steroid tsa nako e telele e hlokahala molemong oa bongaka, li lokela ho bolokoa maemong a tlase ka ho fetesisa.

Lipotso tse botsoang khafetsa mabapi le methylprednisolone vs. prednisone

Methylprednisolone ke eng?

Methylprednisolone ke maiketsetso a glucocorticoid a sebelisetsoang ho sebetsana le mathata a fapaneng a ho ruruha le ho itšireletsa mafung. E fumaneha joalo ka letlapa la molomo le joalo ka ente. Nako e tloaelehileng ea kalafo ke matsatsi a tšeletseng a kalafo ea molomo.

Prednisone ke eng?

Prednisone ke glucocorticoid e kopantsoeng ke sebete ho sebopeho sa eona se sebetsang, prednisolone. E boetse e sebelisoa ho mafu a mangata a ho ruruha le ho itšireletsa mafung. Prednisone e fumaneha matlapeng a molomo le tharollo ea molomo. Tšebeliso e ntle ea prednisone hangata ke melao ea matsatsi a mahlano.

Na methylprednisolone le prednisone li ts'oana?

Le ha ka bobeli e le glucocorticoids, methylprednisolone le prednisone ha li tšoane hantle. Prednisone e tlameha ho sebelisoa ka mokhoa o sebetsang, e leng prednisolone, hore e be le tšusumetso 'meleng. Tekanyo ea 4 mg ea methylprednisolone e lekana le 5 mg prednisone.

Na methylprednisolone kapa prednisone e betere?

Methylprednisolone le prednisone e mong le e mong a ka fumana phokotso ea matšoao ha litekanyetso tsa hae li qalisoa ka nepo. Ho ka khethoa litlatsetso tsa molomo ho fapana le tse entsoeng ka ente ka lebaka la litšenyehelo tse tlase le tsamaiso e bonolo.

Na nka sebelisa methylprednisolone kapa prednisone ha ke le moimana?

Methylprednisolone le prednisone ke karolo ea kotsi ea bokhachane C. Sena se bolela hore ha ho na lithuto tsa batho tse laoloang tse netefatsang hore meriana e bolokehile nakong ea bokhachane. Meriana ena e lokela ho sebelisoa feela ha molemo o hlakile ho feta kotsi.

A na nka sebelisa methylprednisolone kapa prednisone ka joala?

Joala bo sebelisoa ke sebete. Ho noa joala khafetsa ho ka ama bokhoni ba 'mele ba ho kopanya prednisone hore e sebetse ka mokhoa o sebetsang. Joala le glucocorticoids ka bobeli li ka ba le litlamorao tse mpe tsamaisong ea meno. Ts'ebeliso ea joala e fokotsoa hamolemo nakong ea kalafo ea steroid.

Na methylprednisolone ke steroid e matla?

Le ha methylprednisolone e le matla ho feta 20% ho feta prednisone, ke karolo ea bohlano feela ea matla a li-glucocorticoids tse ling tse kang dexamethasone kapa betamethasone. Leha ho le joalo, e matla ho feta hydrocortisone ka makhetlo a mahlano.

Ho nka methylprednisolone ho qala ho sebetsa nako e kae? / Na methylprednisolone e sebetsa ka potlako?

Methylprednisolone e qala ka potlako. E fihla sehlohlolong nakong ea hora e le 'ngoe ho isa ho tse peli kamora' tekano ea molomo, le pele ho hora e le 'ngoe ea lethal dose. E kopantsoe ke sebete hore e be li-metabolite tse sa sebetseng tse ntšitsoeng morotong. Bophelo ba halofo ea methylprednisolone ke lihora tse 18 ho isa ho tse 36 ho bolelang hore ho ka nka matsatsi a 2 ho isa ho a 7 ho felisa setlhare ka botlalo 'meleng.