Lethathamo la penicillin: Ts'ebeliso, lihlahisoa tse tloaelehileng le tlhaiso-leseling ka polokeho

Boitsebiso ba Lithethefatsi

Penicillin e fumanoe ka 1928 ke Alexander Fleming, setsebi sa likokoana-hloko sa Scotland le ngaka. E ile ea rehelloa ka Penicillium hlobo ha Fleming a hlokomela hore hlobo e bontša litšobotsi tse thibelang likokoana-hloko. Ho sibolloa ha penicillin hamorao ho tla fetola lefats'e la bongaka e le lithibela-mafu tsa pele tsa 'nete tsa sejoale-joale. Kajeno, ho na le mefuta e fapaneng ea penicillin e hlahisitsoeng ho alafa mafu a baktheria.

Bala ho ea pele ho ithuta haholoanyane ka sehlopha sa lithibela-mafu tsa penicillin, hore na li sebelisoa joang, le litla-morao life tseo li ka li bakang.

Lethathamo la penicillin
Lebitso la lebitso (lebitso le tloaelehileng)	Karolelano ea theko ea chelete	Theko ea SingleCare	Ithute haholoanyane
Amoxil (amoxicillin)	$ 23.99 ka 20, 250 matlapa a mg	Fumana litlankane tsa amoxicillin	Lintlha tsa Amoxicillin
Augmentin (amoxicillin / clavulanate)	$ 72.99 ka matlapa a 20, 500-125 mg	Fumana litlankane tsa amoxicillin / clavulanate	Lintlha tsa Amoxicillin / clavulanate
Unasyn (ampicillin / sulbactam)	Tharollo ea gm e ntlafalitsoe bocha ka $ 110.36 ka 16, 3 (2-1)	Fumana litlankane tsa ampicillin / sulbactam	Lintlha tsa Ampicillin / sulbactam
Dycill (dicloxacillin)	$ 103.99 ka 40, 500 mg capsules	Fumana litlankane tsa dicloxacillin	Lintlha tsa Dicloxacillin
Bactocill (oxacillin)	Tharollo ea $ 104 ka 10, 1 gm e entsoe bocha	Fumana litlankane tsa oxacillin	Lintlha tsa Oxacillin
Pene VK (penicillin V potasiamo)	$ 40.67 ka 28, 500 matlapa a mg	Fumana litlankane tsa potasiamo tsa penicillin V	Lintlha tsa potassium tsa Penicillin V
Pfizerpen (penicillin G potasiamo)	Tharollo ea yuniti ea $ 47 ho 1, 5000000 e hlophisitsoe bocha	Fumana litlankane tsa potasiamo tsa penicillin G	Lintlha tsa potassium tsa Penicillin G

Li-penicillin tse ling li kenyelletsa:

• Pipracil (piperacillin)
• Zosyn (piperacillin le tazobactam)
• Timentin (ticarcillin le clavulanate)
• Ticar (ticarcillin)
• Geocillin (carbenicillin)
• Permapen (penicillin G benzathine)
• Nallpen (nafcillin)
• Floxapen (flucloxacillin)
• Natacillin (hetacillin)
• Mezlin (mezlocillin)

Penicillin ke eng?

Penicillin ke ea sehlopha sa lithibela-mafu tse atisang ho laeloa ho phekola tšoaetso ea baktheria. Li-penicillin ke karolo ea sehlopha se pharalletseng sa lithibela-mafu tse tsejoang ka hore ke lithibela-mafu tsa beta-lactam . Lithibela-mafu tsena li na le reng ea beta-lactam e le karolo ea lik'hemik'hale tsa tsona. Li-penicillin li na le tšebetso e matla ea likokoana-hloko khahlanong le mefuta e fapaneng ea libaktheria. Li ka fanoa e le matlapa a molomo, li-capsules tsa molomo, ho fanyeha metsi le liente tsa intravenous (IV).

Penicillin e sebetsa joang?

Penicillin e sebetsa ka ho thibela bokhoni ba libaktheria ho boloka lebota la lisele tsa bona. The lebota la sele ea baktheria ke sebopeho sa bohlokoa se entsoeng ka molek'hule e bitsoang peptidoglycan e thusang lisele ho boloka sebopeho sa tsona. Ntle le lebota la tsona la sele, libaktheria li ke ke tsa phela, e leng se lebisang ho phatloheng (lysis) le lefu la sele. Hobane li bolaea libaktheria ka kotloloho, li-penicillin li nkuoa e le lithibela-mafu tse thibelang likokoana-hloko. Penicillin hangata e sebetsa khahlano le libaktheria tse nang le gram, empa li-penicillin tse fapaneng li ka lebisa mefuta e meng ea libaktheria.

Penicillin e sebelisetsoa eng?

Penicillin e sebelisetsoa ho alafa tšoaetso ea baktheria ea tsebe, nko le 'metso. E boetse e sebelisetsoa ho phekola tšoaetso ea baktheria ea lisosa, letlalo, phefumoloho e tlase, mala, mala, liphio le senya. Penicillin e lokela ho sebelisoa feela ho alafa mafu a bakoang ke libaktheria tse hlaseleha habonolo ho penicillin.

Penicillin e ka phekola tse latelang:

• Meningitis
• Endocarditis
• Nyomonea
• Sefuba
• Syphilis

Penicillin e ka sebetsa khahlano le mefuta e mengata ea libaktheria ho kenyelletsa:

• Listeria
• Neisseria
• Shigella
• Salmonella
• Klebsiella
• E. coli
• H. influenzae
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa
• Likokoana-hloko fragilis

Mefuta ea penicillin

Li-penicillin tsa tlhaho

Li-penicillin tsa tlhaho li na le penicillin G-joalo ka lithibela-mafu, ho kenyelletsa penicillin V potasiamo. Li-penicillin tsena e ne e le tse ling tsa lithibela-mafu tsa pele tse kileng tsa sebelisoa ho phekola tšoaetso ea baktheria. Li sebetsa ka ho thibela tšebetso ea lebota la sele ho bolaea libaktheria, 'me li sebetsa hantle haholo khahlano le libaktheria tse nang le gram le libaktheria tse ling tse se nang gram. Li-penicillin tsa tlhaho li kenyelletsa penicillin G le penicillin V.

Li-Aminopenicillin

Joalo ka li-penicillin tsa tlhaho, li-aminopenicillin li sebetsa ka ho thibela tšebetso ea lebota la baktheria. Leha ho le joalo, li ka shebana le sebaktheria se pharaletseng; li-aminopenicillin li sebetsa hantle khahlanong le libaktheria tse ngata tse nang le gram, enterococci, le li-bacilli tse nang le gram-negative, joalo ka H. influenzae le E. coli. Li-aminopenicillin hangata li kopantsoe le beta-lactamase inhibitor e kang clavulanate kapa sulbactam ho li etsa hore li sebetse hantle. Mehlala e kenyelletsa ampicillin, amoxicillin le hetacillin.

Li-penicillin tse pharaletseng (antipseudomonal)

Li-penicillin tse pharalletseng, kapa antipseudomonal, ke sehlopha sa lithibela-mafu tsa penicillin tse nang le likokoana-hloko tse tšoanang le li-aminopenicillin hammoho le mesebetsi e meng khahlano le Pseudomonas le mefuta e meng ea mefuta ea Enterobacter le Serratia. Joalo ka li-penicillin tse ling, li-penicillin tsa antipseudomonal hangata li nkuoa ka beta-lactamase inhibitors. Hangata li-penicillin tsa antipseudomonal li fanoa ka sehlopha se seng sa lithibela-mafu se bitsoang aminoglycosides ho alafa mafu a bakoang ke Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Mehlala ea antipseudomonal penicillin e kenyelletsa piperacillin, carbenicillin, ticarcillin le mezlocillin.

Beta-lactamase inhibitors

Libaktheria tse ling li hlahisa beta-lactamase, e leng enzyme e sa sebetseng lithibela-mafu tsa beta-lactam. Beta-lactamase inhibitors ke mofuta oa moriana o loantšang ho hanyetsa baktheria ho lithibela-mafu tsa beta-lactam. Ka kakaretso li kopantsoe le lithibela-mafu tsa penicillin ho thibela penicillin ho senyeha, e thusang ho eketsa ts'ebetso ea eona. Beta-lactamase inhibitors ha e na tšebetso e thibelang likokoana-hloko ha e sebelisoa e le 'ngoe. Mehlala e kenyelletsa clavulanate (kapa clavulanic acid), sulbactam le tazobactam.

Penicillinase e sa keneng ka penicillin

Li-penicillinase tse hananang le penicillinase ke sehlopha sa li-penicillin tse sebelisoang haholo ho phekola 'penicillinase' e hlahisang methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus. Li ka sebelisoa ho phekola Streptococcus pneumoniae le sehlopha sa tšoaetso ea streptococcal, hammoho le mefuta e meng ea ts'oaetso ea methapo ea methicillin-sensitive staphylococcal. Mefuta e hanyetsanang ea libaktheria tsena e hlahisa enzyme e bitsoang penicillinase, e ka thibelang lithibela-mafu tsa penicillin. Mehlala ea li-penicillin tse sa keneng ka penicillinase li kenyelletsa oxacillin, dicloxacillin, nafcillin, flucloxacillin le cloxacillin.

Ke mang ea ka nkang penicillin?

Batho ba baholo

Penicillin e ka sebelisoa ho phekola tšoaetso ea baktheria ho batho ba baholo. Tekanyo e fapana ho latela mofuta oa penicillin le sebopeho se sebelisitsoeng. Ho batho ba baholo, litekanyetso tsa penicillin hangata li lekantsoe ka limiligrama.

Bana

Penicillin ke e 'ngoe ea lithibela-mafu tse atisang ho beoa baneng. Matšoao a mangata a tloaelehileng a bongoana a amang litsebe, nko le 'metso hangata a phekoloa ka lithibela-mafu tsa penicillin. Ho potoloha 10% ea bana ba fumanoe ba na le ts'oaetso ea penicillin, leha bana ba bangata ba fumanoeng ba sena lefu la penicillin allergy ea 'nete ho lithibela-mafu. Mohlala, litla-morao tsa mala ha li nkuoe e le 'mele oa' nete. Ho bana, litekanyetso tsa penicillin hangata li baloa ho sebelisoa milligrams ka kilogram ea boima ba 'mele.

Na penicillin e sireletsehile?

Penicillin ka kakaretso e bolokehile bakeng sa ho phekola mafu a tšoaetsanoang ha e fanoa ka tekanyetso e loketseng. Tekanyetso e phahameng ea penicillin e ka lebisa ho tsamaiso e matla ea methapo e chefo , e ka iponahatsang e le ho oela. Kotsi ea ts'oaetso ea methapo ea methapo e ka ba kholo ho batho ba nang le mathata a renal, kapa a liphio.

Maemong a sa tloaelehang, penicillin e ka baka tšusumetso ea anaphylactic. Penicillin e lokela ho qojoa ho batho ba nang le nalane ea liphetoho tsa hypersensitivity ho penicillin. Matšoao a anaphylaxis a kenyelletsa ho phatloha, ho hlohlona, ​​ho ruruha le bothata ba ho hema. Liketso tsa anaphylactic li hloka tlhokomelo ea bongaka hanghang. Ba nang le nalane ea ho itšoara hampe ho penicillin le bona ba lokela ho qoba ho nka lihlahisoa tsa penicillin, cephalosporins, carbapenems le lithibela-mafu tsa monobactam.

Maemong ao mofuta o mong oa lithibela-mafu oa mofuta oa penicillin o ke keng oa nepahala, mokuli a ka etsa liteko tsa letlalo ho lekola boteng ba ha alejiki ho penicillin. Haeba tlhahlobo ea letlalo e le ntle, a Ts'ebetso ea ts'oaetso e ka qalisoa ho tsamaisa lithibela-mafu butle ho fihlela e mamelleha ebile e sebetsa.

Penicillin oa hopola

Ha ho na penicillin ea hajoale e hopolang ka Hlakubele 2021.

Lithibelo tsa penicillin

Penicillin ha e sebelisoe ho alafa mafu a bakoang ke livaerase kapa li-fungus. Bakeng sa ho thibela lithibela-mafu, penicillin e lokela ho sebelisoa feela ho phekola tšoaetso ea baktheria e kotsing ea penicillin. Penicillin e lokela ho sebelisoa feela ka lengolo la ngaka le nepahetseng. Meriana ea penicillin e ka hloka ho fetoloa kapa ho fokotsoa ho bakuli ba nang le mathata a matla a renal.

A na u ka nka penicillin ha u le moimana kapa u anyesa?

Penicillin ka kakaretso e bolokehile ho e sebelisa nakong ea bokhachane le ha u ntse u anyesa. Boithuto liphoofolong ha bo bontše hore li-penicillin li na le kotsi ea ho lematsa lesea le ka popelong. Penicillin G ke lithibela-mafu tse sebetsang bakeng sa ho thibela phetiso ea mokaola ho tloha ho mme ho isa leseeng. Mofani oa tlhokomelo ea bophelo o lokela ho botsoa bakeng sa kalafo e nepahetseng ea lithibela-mafu nakong ea bokhachane kapa ho anyesa.

Na lipilisi tsa penicillin li laoloa?

Che, penicillin ha se ntho e laoloang.

Litla-morao tse tloaelehileng tsa penicillin

Litla-morao tse tloaelehileng tsa penicillin li kenyelletsa:

• Letšollo
• Ho nyekeloa
• Ho hlatsa
• Mala a koata
• Bohloko ba mpeng
• Ho phatloha ha letlalo
• Ho hlohlona
• Hives
• Matheba a masweu kapa a matsho lelemeng kapa molomong
• Liketso tsa sebaka sa ente tse kang bofubelu, ho hlohlona le ho ruruha (ha lithibela-mafu li fanoa ka tsela e kenang ka hare ho methapo)

Litlamorao tse bohloko tsa penicillin li ka kenyelletsa:

• Setsi sa methapo ea methapo e chefo
• Ho ruruha liphio
• Palo e tlase ea lisele tse tšoeu tsa mali
• Maemo a tlase a platelet
• Letšollo le amanang le Clostridioides

Lisele tse tšoeu tsa mali tse tlase, kapa leukopenia, ke phello e tloaelehileng e mpe ea nafcillin. Tekanyetso e phahameng ea penicillin e fanoang ka methapo e ka baka maemo a tlase a li-platelet, tse ka eketsang kotsi ea ho tsoa mali.

Penicillin e ka fetola kholo ea libaktheria tse tloaelehileng kahara colon mme ea baka ho ata ha baktheria e bitsoang Clostridioides e fapane (eo pele e neng e tsejoa e le Clostridium e fapane ). Mofuta ona oa libaktheria o ka baka pseudomembranous colitis, kapa ho ruruha ha colon, le letshollo le tebileng. Le hoja letšollo le bonolo le atile ka lithibela-mafu, ho lokela ho iteanye le mofani oa tlhokomelo ea bophelo haeba letšollo le matla le hlaha kamora ho sebelisa penicillin.

Li-penicillin tse kang ticarcillin le carbenicillin li ka hloka ho qojoa kapa ho beoa leihlo ho bakuli ba nang le mathata a pelo kapa a liphio. Mefuta ena ea penicillin e ka baka maemo a eketsehileng a sodium maling.

Penicillin e bokae?

Mefuta e mengata ea lithibela-mafu ea penicillin e fumaneha ka mefuta e meng. Mofuta oa mofuta oa lithibela-mafu hangata o theko e tlase ho feta lebitso la lebitso ha o ntse o sebetsa ka ho lekana. Likokoana-hloko tsa penicillin le tsona li koahetsoe ke boholo ba Medicare le merero ea inshorense. Litsenyehelo tse tloaelehileng tsa thekiso ea penicillin V potasiamo e ka ba $ 40 ho latela tekanyetso e behiloeng.

Bakuli ba ka khona ho boloka ka lithibela-mafu tsa penicillin ka mananeo a fapaneng a ho boloka ho tsoa ho baetsi le li-pharmacy. Likarete tsa ho boloka litheolelo li fumaneha hape ho thusa ho theola litheko tsa lithibela-mafu tsa penicillin.